Writers have different styles. Some write in the past tense while others in the present tense. A few use adverbs in abundance, while others may cringe at the use of even one. However, one of the biggest factors in identifying a writer's style is your choice of point-of-view (POV).
First, second, and third person views are different POVs at a writers disposal. But it goes a little further than that, POVs can be subdivided even further. This includes third person, multiple views, omniscient, subjective, and objective. I’d like to focus on the use of the third person POV with multiple characters views—Third Person Multiple POV.
As a writer you’ll find there are advantage and disadvantages in using the third person multiple POV. One benefit is the ability of the author to move the reader into each of your characters' heads. You give your readers an in-depth look at those who normally may not have the chance to give their input and move your camera so the scene(s) is(are) viewed through their eyes. Third person multiple POV provides the opportunity to grow a character every time you get in their head. The reader learns first-hand not just why the character is doing something, but what they're motivation is for acting a certain way. Your reader gets very intimate with the characters as they are privy to their thoughts.
Author Raymond E Fiest uses multiple third person POV with great success in his Fantasy Fiction series, The Rift War Saga. His readers are able to follow the lives of multiple protagonist. They follow Pug and Thomas as their lives unfold and watch what drives them both to make the decisions they do. The reader will be in the head Thomas as he grows to fulfill his childish brag of marrying the Queen of the Elves. They also follow Pug from orphan to inept magician’s apprentice, to capture slave, and finally to an all powerful, master magician. As a skilled author Fiest lets he readers get to know them as an individuals, and they learn about the character on a level different from they would have had he not used this POV. As a matter-of-fact, due to the characters separation at times by great distances it is the only way that this story could be handled
I’m not a big reader of romance novels, but third person multiple is frequently used in this writing genre. You can quickly recognize the style by the author’s use of the pronouns she and he. Romance authors like to use this POV as it's extremely helpful in watching the relationship building between both the heroine and the hero unfold. Romances are intimate by nature, and the use of third person multiple POV allows the reader to get intimately involved with each character as the attraction grows between them.
The skill to mastering third person multiple POV is not complicated, but there is a trick. A lot of novice writers sometimes try and use this technique, get confused, break POV rules, and wind up losing their readers. Head-hopping and multiple third person POV often get mixed up when they are in-fact two entirely separate matters.
Multiple third person POV rules require the author to stay in the one characters' head for an entire scene to maintain the proper POV. The rules involve writing a separate scenes from the viewpoints of each of the characters. Thus we cannot relay to the reader the thoughts of suspect Charlie while in the head of detective Fay.
The following passage, I hope will make this clear. The antagonist Charlie is the prime suspect in the murderer and the protagonist is Police Detective Johanna Fay:
Detective Fay laced her fingers together, propped her elbows on the silver table and leaned forward. Tapping her lower lip with her thumbs, she eyed the emaciated man across the table from her. The interview room, set up for interrogations, had no paintings on the walls and nothing adorning the tabletop between them. The new, enlarged two-way mirror, sat directly behind her head. She'd been chasing this jackal for months and all Fay wanted now was his confession.
"So Charlie, let’s go over this again. Where were you on the evening of November 26th?"
Charlie’s eyes widened for brief second before his stone mask dropped back in place. He opened his mouth the promptly clamped it shut again. Detective Fay’s stare bored into the man and Charlie’s fear levels spiked.
Charlie balked. He didn't know what Detective Fay had on him, but a sudden claustrophobic feeling tightened the knot in his gut. He realized he might not make it out of here without a brand new, shiny set of bracelets decorating his wrists.
Did you spot the POV shifts? There's two:
1) "Charlie’s fear levels spiked."
2) Charlie balked. He didn't know what Detective Fay had on him, but a sudden claustrophobic feeling tightened the knot in his gut. He realized he might not make it out of here without a brand new, shiny set of bracelets decorating his wrists.
I've spoken with new writers who can’t see the problem. They’ll say, “I’m telling this story and I need the reader to see what’s Charlie’s feeling and thinking.” Even when you explain that because Detective Fay is the POV character for scene, she can't tell what Charlie is thinking or feeling unless Charlie tell her, it doesn't hit home. This is a common POV error and one novice writers make time and again. (Myself included when I set out to write.)
Another common error writers make when using multiple third person is switching POV characters too often within a chapter. Some writers use Third Person Multiple POV as an excuse to enter the heads of several different characters in one scene. My co-author and I have a hard and fast rule, one POV character per chapter or scene. In Tyranny’s Outpost we have five viewpoint characters, Elise, Russ, Alex, Callin and Marga.
Our hierarchy for character priority has turned out like this. Elise our primary protagonist and the POV character for any scene she’s in. If Elise isn't in a chapter Russ becomes the POV character. Alex has a scene that could only be written from his POV, since he’s alone on a hospital room. As our primary antagonist, scenes feature Callin’s POV. In our second book Tyranny’s Prisoner, when Alex and Callin or Alex and Marga are in a scene it falls to Alex’s POV. This is where show don’t tell becomes vital. Elise knows Russ very well so she can intrepid his looks and actions and we keep Russ cocky nature in the readers mind by showing what Elise sees and by her own internal thought. Most of the time we change chapters to shift POV characters, but on several occasions we've used scene breaks to alert our readers to a change.
There's no set rule about how long any particular scene should be for any of your characters, but switching back and forth too quickly can confuse your readers. If you find yourself shifting heads more than two or three times in a scene, there might be a problem, and you might want to take a step back to see which character will benefit the scene the most, and then rewrite the scene to hold that one person's POV. An easy rule of thumb is, One POV Character for One Scene. Any more marks you as a beginner or novice.
An important part of maintaining third person multiple POV is to make sure each of your characters is different enough so that the reader doesn't confuse him or her with a different character. This falls under the authors first responsibility, character building, than POV, but it's a very important point to keep in mind. Make sure all your characters have original and distinct traits. Giving each of them very different backgrounds, jobs, ages, and personalities is a beginning.
Why use multiple third person POV?
1) You give your readers the opportunity to learn what drives your characters. To see what makes they do things they may do.
2) You don't want your readers getting bored. This POV keeps up the tension, and lets you shift heads to keep your reader on their toes.
3) From main characters to secondary ones, you the author broadens the scope of who should be included in the story.
4) Keeps the story’s pace moving. Your plot has to move along at a pace that keeps your reader wanting to turn the page to the scene or the next chapter. Changing POV character gives your story momentum.
3) You offer your readers the diverseness of watching you antagonist plot his/her crimes while still letting them see what drives the hero or heroine.
How can you make third person multiple POV work for you?
1) Watch the amount of POV shifts you make. Make sure you stay with the character that give your scene the most impact and stay in their POV. Using Character priority will help.
2) Limit the number of POV characters in your book. Too many POVs characters can end up confusing your readers. Your story can include many different characters, but limit the number of head changes in your manuscript. Quirks, habits and personalities of minor characters can be seen through you POV characters.
3) Make your scene changes clear. If you have to change POVs characters in the middle of the scene, make it clear that you've changed. Continuity when changing scenes is vital. Your story must pick up where the last scene left off. If I had placed a scene cut after Detective Fay asked Charlie her question, I would have written it to pick up immediately with Bill thinking of a clever answer to get him out of his predicament.
•If you're a beginning author who is trying out multiple third person POV for the first time, choose which characters are most important to your story. Stick to their heads and switch only when there's a need. Don't switch characters just to add their thoughts! The result will be confusion for your reader.
•Keep your story focused. Just because you're giving the view of multiple characters doesn't take away your need to maintain a good pace. Character priority will give each character the weight they need to move the story while keeping them separate in your readers mind.
An author who can master third person multiple POV will wind up with a compelling story. Getting your readers into the heads of your characters can help your readers love them almost as much as you, the author who created them does. Remember to keep a strong grasp on how you’ve paced your novel and discipline yourself to the number of different views you use. I believe you’ll find that third person multiple can be a great tool for any author's toolbox.
The MacKenna Saga. The ins and Outs of Writing
Thursday, October 17, 2013
Is Using First Person a Bad Idea?
Sometimes, writing in first person will be exactly the right choice for a novel. Whatever your reasons for choosing first person point of view might be, if you truly believe it is the best way to tell your story, than by all means follow your instincts. So long as you are aware of the limitations of the voice, and you are happy to work within those limitations, you will be fine.
“With whatever viewpoint and voice you choose, you should exploit the possibilities of the viewpoint and voice you have chosen rather than feel constrained by its limitations.”
- James N. Frey author of internationally best selling books on the craft of fiction writing.
•If your viewpoint character has a quirky and compelling voice, for example, and a unique (and subjective) way of looking at the world - like Huckleberry Finn and Forrest Gump - 1st person point of view is the viewpoint for you.
Perhaps you really don't get all this, “moving the camera around business.” You simply want to tell an intimate story through one character’s eyes (First Person).
Are you still unsure at this point which viewpoint to use? A question then. Can you see your novel working equally well in both first and third person? Then my advice would be to go with the third person point of view. Whereas a large majority of novels written by beginners use the first person viewpoint, a large majority of published novels are written in third person point of view.
Of course, a very similar effect to omniscience can be achieved with a more conventional 3rd person Multiple Viewpoint Novel.
“With whatever viewpoint and voice you choose, you should exploit the possibilities of the viewpoint and voice you have chosen rather than feel constrained by its limitations.”
- James N. Frey author of internationally best selling books on the craft of fiction writing.
•If your viewpoint character has a quirky and compelling voice, for example, and a unique (and subjective) way of looking at the world - like Huckleberry Finn and Forrest Gump - 1st person point of view is the viewpoint for you.
Perhaps you really don't get all this, “moving the camera around business.” You simply want to tell an intimate story through one character’s eyes (First Person).
Are you still unsure at this point which viewpoint to use? A question then. Can you see your novel working equally well in both first and third person? Then my advice would be to go with the third person point of view. Whereas a large majority of novels written by beginners use the first person viewpoint, a large majority of published novels are written in third person point of view.
Of course, a very similar effect to omniscience can be achieved with a more conventional 3rd person Multiple Viewpoint Novel.
Tuesday, October 15, 2013
First Person Versus Third Person POV
The entire Third Person versus First Person debate can present any beginning novel writers with what may seem like insurmountable problems.
An author could write two versions of his or her novel - First in third person POV, and then in first person- and either would be acceptable, though they would be unique stories. The irony of fiction writing is that you can always change your mind. John Irving, the American novelist (I'm not a fan of him or his novels, but this is the case in point) wrote his early drafts of Until I Find You in the first person. Not until a much later draft did he shift the thousand-page novel to third-person point of view, pare it down to eight hundred and twenty-one pages, and release it. Changing the POV in a novel that large is a lot of work.
If you have read any comprehensive information looking for advantages of the first person over the third person, you’ve probably more or less concluded about which viewpoint is right for your own novel. If you’re a movie buff like me, writing a novel is like having a camera you point for the reader and display your story. The reason for this summary is to help you make up your mind about how you want to direct your novel.
You are far from wrong if you believe I’m writing this, to convince any writer straddling the line between the two POV’s, to jump to one side or the other. I like both, though I write from the third person side, I’m experimenting with a Science Fiction mystery in first person POV.
Taking into consideration all pros and cons, they seem to come out overwhelmingly in favor of using third-person point of view for most novels.
I generally consider that a first-person POV is an easier viewpoint to handle, but, as the old song goes, ‘It ain’t necessarily so’. Once you’ve master the theory behind each viewpoint, there’s nothing really difficult about either of them.
First-person is noticeably more intimate than the third person. Sue Grafton handles Kinsey Millhone character masterfully using the first person POV Likewise, John D. MacDonald steered Travis McGee through his troubled waters in the first person. (I like the fact that both authors stuck to themes for their titles. Sue uses the alphabet for her titles: A is for Alibi, B is for Burglar, etc. John D.. McDonald (1916-1986) used colors in his Travis McGee titles: Nightmare in Pink, The Empty Copper Sea, One Fearful Yellow Eye. I know I've pointed these out before.)
It is possible to replicate first-person intimacy while writing in third person. Third-person is more imminent than first-person - even using past tense, a well written third person POV doesn't destroy the illusion of the story taking place in the here and now. This shouldn't be a deterrent if you’re dead-set on writing your novel in first person. Third-person isn't as confining as first person can be. Using third-person point of view gives you the greatest freedom as a storyteller, in the sense that you can move your "viewpoint camera" around a lot more than in a first-person POV story. In first-person, your fix the camera behind the viewpoint character's eyes throughout your entire story. Third person and it is more objective, also, giving any writer the ability to present a more rounded portrait of their central character.
An author could write two versions of his or her novel - First in third person POV, and then in first person- and either would be acceptable, though they would be unique stories. The irony of fiction writing is that you can always change your mind. John Irving, the American novelist (I'm not a fan of him or his novels, but this is the case in point) wrote his early drafts of Until I Find You in the first person. Not until a much later draft did he shift the thousand-page novel to third-person point of view, pare it down to eight hundred and twenty-one pages, and release it. Changing the POV in a novel that large is a lot of work.
If you have read any comprehensive information looking for advantages of the first person over the third person, you’ve probably more or less concluded about which viewpoint is right for your own novel. If you’re a movie buff like me, writing a novel is like having a camera you point for the reader and display your story. The reason for this summary is to help you make up your mind about how you want to direct your novel.
What Is The Best Viewpoint?
You are far from wrong if you believe I’m writing this, to convince any writer straddling the line between the two POV’s, to jump to one side or the other. I like both, though I write from the third person side, I’m experimenting with a Science Fiction mystery in first person POV.
Taking into consideration all pros and cons, they seem to come out overwhelmingly in favor of using third-person point of view for most novels.
I generally consider that a first-person POV is an easier viewpoint to handle, but, as the old song goes, ‘It ain’t necessarily so’. Once you’ve master the theory behind each viewpoint, there’s nothing really difficult about either of them.
First-person is noticeably more intimate than the third person. Sue Grafton handles Kinsey Millhone character masterfully using the first person POV Likewise, John D. MacDonald steered Travis McGee through his troubled waters in the first person. (I like the fact that both authors stuck to themes for their titles. Sue uses the alphabet for her titles: A is for Alibi, B is for Burglar, etc. John D.. McDonald (1916-1986) used colors in his Travis McGee titles: Nightmare in Pink, The Empty Copper Sea, One Fearful Yellow Eye. I know I've pointed these out before.)
It is possible to replicate first-person intimacy while writing in third person. Third-person is more imminent than first-person - even using past tense, a well written third person POV doesn't destroy the illusion of the story taking place in the here and now. This shouldn't be a deterrent if you’re dead-set on writing your novel in first person. Third-person isn't as confining as first person can be. Using third-person point of view gives you the greatest freedom as a storyteller, in the sense that you can move your "viewpoint camera" around a lot more than in a first-person POV story. In first-person, your fix the camera behind the viewpoint character's eyes throughout your entire story. Third person and it is more objective, also, giving any writer the ability to present a more rounded portrait of their central character.
Monday, October 7, 2013
LOSE THE ADVERBS AND GAIN THE READER
This post is about using (overusing) adverbs in narrative not in dialogue.
While adverbs have their place, (even in narrative) beginners tend to use them to far to often, and established authors use them because they know they can get away with it. When it comes to adverb usage, the rules doe all should be:
1.) Omit the adverb if it doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence.
2.) Adverb usage means you’re not using a strong enough verb.
3.) If the adverb passes these two tests, you should keep it
Fast food employees need rules to do their job, but we're writers, we aren’t flipping burgers. We need to know the "Why?" or we get cooked (Rejected).
Before you send those hard worked pages of your novel to an agent or publisher for consideration, follow the adverb rules listed above. If you do some soul searching and honest reflection you'll find 99% of adverbs (even the most judiciously (lol) place ones), to an editor sound like nails on a chalkboard. You've played by the rules, yet in all honesty your adverbs failed the test. There has to be more to this adverb thing.
Why, you ask? Why this unnecessary prejudice against the lowly adverb? After your adverb-soul-searching I just spoke of, you'll find these three reasons to avoid adverbs helpful.
Reason 1
The use of any adverb may be a strong indicator of some contextual problems surrounding it, so it becomes a form of telling, not showing. Whether you’re writing in 1st person or 3rd person, at some point in your story you provide the reader with descriptive narrative. One example is in describing a setting the character is in, entering , or going to enter. Even if you have an adverb in the scene that passes all the rules, pull out from the sentence and ask yourself "Am I doing a good enough job with the narration." It’s possible you’re not painting the picture you want. What you need is a brush stroke, not a touch up. The adverb is a bandage for bad exposition.
Reason 2
The adverb may be an indicator of a point of view issue. This was a problem for many scenes for my co-author me. Our first book, written twenty years ago and recently pick up by a publisher, had many weak passages. We were confused until we realized we needed a tighter POV. (Pounded into our head by our publisher Show - Don't tell.) Twenty years ago we felt the adverbs conveyed the feelings of the scenes central character. Once we understood the problem, the adverbs disappeared and our scenes are much better.
Reason 3 Once you see the difference you'll understand how adverbs distance the connection between the reader and your characters, not enhance it. As writers there's a tendency to use adverbs because we feel we're heightening the reader experience, but in fact, once you take an honest look, most of the time the opposite is true.
(True Story) Take this excerpt from the first scene in a novel. The widower's young son wakes from a terrifying nightmare. The father enter the room and quiets him.
He hugged his weeping son, kissed his forehead, then gently rocked him back to sleep.
The adverb "gently" sounds like a good adverb. You would think so. The editor struck down. Your first thought is, that would remove the meaning. But in fact, the loss of the adverb enhances the scene.
He hugged his weeping son, kissed his forehead, then rocked him back to sleep.
By omitting the adverb "gently", it forces the reader to imagine the scene. And this, my dear writer, is what you want the reader to do. You want them to engage, to empathize and imagine. You want them to become your character. If you modify your verbs to tell the reader exactly what is going on, you keep them arms length and they never become invested in the character or your story.
At the Las Vegas writers conference an agent told us "If I find more then three adverbs in three hundred words I stop and send it back".
LOSE THE ADVERBS AND GAIN THE READER
While adverbs have their place, (even in narrative) beginners tend to use them to far to often, and established authors use them because they know they can get away with it. When it comes to adverb usage, the rules doe all should be:
1.) Omit the adverb if it doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence.
2.) Adverb usage means you’re not using a strong enough verb.
3.) If the adverb passes these two tests, you should keep it
Fast food employees need rules to do their job, but we're writers, we aren’t flipping burgers. We need to know the "Why?" or we get cooked (Rejected).
Before you send those hard worked pages of your novel to an agent or publisher for consideration, follow the adverb rules listed above. If you do some soul searching and honest reflection you'll find 99% of adverbs (even the most judiciously (lol) place ones), to an editor sound like nails on a chalkboard. You've played by the rules, yet in all honesty your adverbs failed the test. There has to be more to this adverb thing.
Why, you ask? Why this unnecessary prejudice against the lowly adverb? After your adverb-soul-searching I just spoke of, you'll find these three reasons to avoid adverbs helpful.
Reason 1
The use of any adverb may be a strong indicator of some contextual problems surrounding it, so it becomes a form of telling, not showing. Whether you’re writing in 1st person or 3rd person, at some point in your story you provide the reader with descriptive narrative. One example is in describing a setting the character is in, entering , or going to enter. Even if you have an adverb in the scene that passes all the rules, pull out from the sentence and ask yourself "Am I doing a good enough job with the narration." It’s possible you’re not painting the picture you want. What you need is a brush stroke, not a touch up. The adverb is a bandage for bad exposition.
Reason 2
The adverb may be an indicator of a point of view issue. This was a problem for many scenes for my co-author me. Our first book, written twenty years ago and recently pick up by a publisher, had many weak passages. We were confused until we realized we needed a tighter POV. (Pounded into our head by our publisher Show - Don't tell.) Twenty years ago we felt the adverbs conveyed the feelings of the scenes central character. Once we understood the problem, the adverbs disappeared and our scenes are much better.
Reason 3 Once you see the difference you'll understand how adverbs distance the connection between the reader and your characters, not enhance it. As writers there's a tendency to use adverbs because we feel we're heightening the reader experience, but in fact, once you take an honest look, most of the time the opposite is true.
(True Story) Take this excerpt from the first scene in a novel. The widower's young son wakes from a terrifying nightmare. The father enter the room and quiets him.
He hugged his weeping son, kissed his forehead, then gently rocked him back to sleep.
The adverb "gently" sounds like a good adverb. You would think so. The editor struck down. Your first thought is, that would remove the meaning. But in fact, the loss of the adverb enhances the scene.
He hugged his weeping son, kissed his forehead, then rocked him back to sleep.
By omitting the adverb "gently", it forces the reader to imagine the scene. And this, my dear writer, is what you want the reader to do. You want them to engage, to empathize and imagine. You want them to become your character. If you modify your verbs to tell the reader exactly what is going on, you keep them arms length and they never become invested in the character or your story.
At the Las Vegas writers conference an agent told us "If I find more then three adverbs in three hundred words I stop and send it back".
LOSE THE ADVERBS AND GAIN THE READER
Four Types of Sentences
In the English language when people form sentences, they do one of four things. They,
1) ask questions.
2) make requests.
3) make a statement.
4) exclaim a powerful feeling or emotion.
Because sentences convey statements, requests, strong emotion, and questions we can categorized them into four different types:
1) Declarative.
2) Interrogative?
3) Imperative.
4) Exclamatory!
Declarative sentences form a statement;
Tomorrow I'll go to the shore.
Yesterday I left work early.
I told her wear her blue formal gown.
She didn't want to drink the soda I gave her.
We walked along the shore together.
Interrogative sentences form a question;
What do you think I should wear my black shoes or my white sneakers?
What did the teacher say to you yesterday?
Didn't you go to the movies yesterday?
Imperative sentences make a command or request;
Get me some water.
Leave that cat alone.
Go to the store for me.
Bring me some ice cream.
Some people assume an imperative sentences has no subject when they do, the subject of imperative sentences is always you. In these type of sentences, the person that is making the command or request is always asking you to do something. For this reason, the subject in an imperative sentence is called you (understood). All though the subject may not be visible in the sentence, it is understood that the subject is always you.
To get a clearer understanding of imperative sentences, see the ones that follow;
(You) get me a glass a beer.
(You) leave the man alone.
(You) ride to the store for me.
(You) Bring me pitched of ice tea.
Exclamatory sentences are the sentences that attempt to powerful feelings, or emotions;
I'm leaving!
I can't wait to graduate!
I love her (him) so much!
We beat the opposing team!
I can't believe he did that, I'm so upset!
The best way to distinguish one sentence from the other is to memorize what each type of sentence does. Declarative sentences are sentences that make a statement. Interrogative sentences are sentences that ask question. Imperative sentences are request and command sentences, or sentences that give orders. And the exclamatory sentences show a strong feeling or emotion.
1) ask questions.
2) make requests.
3) make a statement.
4) exclaim a powerful feeling or emotion.
Because sentences convey statements, requests, strong emotion, and questions we can categorized them into four different types:
1) Declarative.
2) Interrogative?
3) Imperative.
4) Exclamatory!
Declarative sentences form a statement;
Tomorrow I'll go to the shore.
Yesterday I left work early.
I told her wear her blue formal gown.
She didn't want to drink the soda I gave her.
We walked along the shore together.
Interrogative sentences form a question;
What do you think I should wear my black shoes or my white sneakers?
What did the teacher say to you yesterday?
Didn't you go to the movies yesterday?
Imperative sentences make a command or request;
Get me some water.
Leave that cat alone.
Go to the store for me.
Bring me some ice cream.
Some people assume an imperative sentences has no subject when they do, the subject of imperative sentences is always you. In these type of sentences, the person that is making the command or request is always asking you to do something. For this reason, the subject in an imperative sentence is called you (understood). All though the subject may not be visible in the sentence, it is understood that the subject is always you.
To get a clearer understanding of imperative sentences, see the ones that follow;
(You) get me a glass a beer.
(You) leave the man alone.
(You) ride to the store for me.
(You) Bring me pitched of ice tea.
Exclamatory sentences are the sentences that attempt to powerful feelings, or emotions;
I'm leaving!
I can't wait to graduate!
I love her (him) so much!
We beat the opposing team!
I can't believe he did that, I'm so upset!
The best way to distinguish one sentence from the other is to memorize what each type of sentence does. Declarative sentences are sentences that make a statement. Interrogative sentences are sentences that ask question. Imperative sentences are request and command sentences, or sentences that give orders. And the exclamatory sentences show a strong feeling or emotion.
Sunday, October 6, 2013
Proofreading IV
More things to look at during a proof read.
Parallelism
Look through your manuscript for series of items and make sure these items are in parallel form.
Example:
Being a good friend involves good listening skills, to be considerate, and that you know how to have fun.
Edited version:
Being a good friend involves knowing how to listen, being considerate, and having fun.
Pronoun Reference/Agreement
•During a proof read of any work, stop at each pronoun. Search for the noun that the pronoun replaces. If you can't find any noun, insert one beforehand or change the pronoun to a noun. If you can find a noun, be sure it agrees in number and person with your pronoun.
Apostrophes
•Stop at only at any words ending in "s." If you're using the "s" to indicate possession, there should be an apostrophe, as in Mary's book.
•Check every contractions, like you're for you are, it's for it is, etc. Each of these should include an apostrophe.
•Remember that apostrophes are not used to make words plural. When making a word plural, only an "s" is added, not an apostrophe and an "s."
Summary:
Proofreading is primarily all about searching your writing for errors, before submitting for your reading audience, a teacher, or a publisher, to see. I offer these resource to help you find and fix common errors.
Suggestions for Proofreading Your Paper.
One of the most difficult parts of the writing process is proofreading. It is easy for us to see what we think we wrote, not necessarily what our readers will read. These suggestions were offered to me and they should help you take a step back and view your writing more objectively.
Read your Paper Aloud
Any time your text is awkward or confusing, or any time you have to pause or reread your text, revise this section. If it is at all awkward for you, you can bet it will be awkward for your reader.
Examine your Paragraphs
Examine your overall paragraph construction. Look specifically at the length, supporting sentence(s), and topic sentence. Individual paragraphs that are significantly lacking length or sufficient supporting information as well as those missing a topic sentence may be a sign of a premature or under-developed thought.
Track Frequent Errors
Keep track of errors that you make frequently. once you can spot these you'll stop making them
Two principles
•Begin sentences with short, simple words and phrases that (a) communicate information that appeared in previous sentences, or (b) build on knowledge that you share with your reader.
•In a paragraph, keep your topics short and reasonably consistent.
Exercise: Diagnosis, Analysis, Revision
Diagnosis
1.Underline the first few words of every sentence in a paragraph, ignoring short introductory phrases such as "In the beginning," or "For the most part."
2.If you can, underline the first few words of every clause.
Analyze your Writing
1.Read your underlined words. Is there a consistent series of related topics?
2.Will your reader see these connections among the topics?
3.Decide what you will focus on in each paragraph.
4.Imagine that the passage has a title. The words in the title should identify what should be the topics of most of the sentences.
Revision
1.In most of your sentences, make the topics the subject of verbs.
2.Avoid hiding your topic by opening sentences with long introductory clauses or phrases. Put most of the subjects at the beginning of your sentences.
Questions to ask yourself as you revise sentences
Do your sentences "hang together"?
1.Readers must feel that they move easily from one sentence to the next, that each sentence "coheres" with the one before and after it.
2.Readers must feel that sentences in a paragraph are not just individually clear, but are unified with each other. Have fun and do go through life with your story(s) stuck inside you.
Parallelism
Look through your manuscript for series of items and make sure these items are in parallel form.
Example:
Being a good friend involves good listening skills, to be considerate, and that you know how to have fun.
Edited version:
Being a good friend involves knowing how to listen, being considerate, and having fun.
Pronoun Reference/Agreement
•During a proof read of any work, stop at each pronoun. Search for the noun that the pronoun replaces. If you can't find any noun, insert one beforehand or change the pronoun to a noun. If you can find a noun, be sure it agrees in number and person with your pronoun.
Apostrophes
•Stop at only at any words ending in "s." If you're using the "s" to indicate possession, there should be an apostrophe, as in Mary's book.
•Check every contractions, like you're for you are, it's for it is, etc. Each of these should include an apostrophe.
•Remember that apostrophes are not used to make words plural. When making a word plural, only an "s" is added, not an apostrophe and an "s."
Summary:
Proofreading is primarily all about searching your writing for errors, before submitting for your reading audience, a teacher, or a publisher, to see. I offer these resource to help you find and fix common errors.
Suggestions for Proofreading Your Paper.
One of the most difficult parts of the writing process is proofreading. It is easy for us to see what we think we wrote, not necessarily what our readers will read. These suggestions were offered to me and they should help you take a step back and view your writing more objectively.
Read your Paper Aloud
Any time your text is awkward or confusing, or any time you have to pause or reread your text, revise this section. If it is at all awkward for you, you can bet it will be awkward for your reader.
Examine your Paragraphs
Examine your overall paragraph construction. Look specifically at the length, supporting sentence(s), and topic sentence. Individual paragraphs that are significantly lacking length or sufficient supporting information as well as those missing a topic sentence may be a sign of a premature or under-developed thought.
Track Frequent Errors
Keep track of errors that you make frequently. once you can spot these you'll stop making them
Two principles
•Begin sentences with short, simple words and phrases that (a) communicate information that appeared in previous sentences, or (b) build on knowledge that you share with your reader.
•In a paragraph, keep your topics short and reasonably consistent.
Exercise: Diagnosis, Analysis, Revision
Diagnosis
1.Underline the first few words of every sentence in a paragraph, ignoring short introductory phrases such as "In the beginning," or "For the most part."
2.If you can, underline the first few words of every clause.
Analyze your Writing
1.Read your underlined words. Is there a consistent series of related topics?
2.Will your reader see these connections among the topics?
3.Decide what you will focus on in each paragraph.
4.Imagine that the passage has a title. The words in the title should identify what should be the topics of most of the sentences.
Revision
1.In most of your sentences, make the topics the subject of verbs.
2.Avoid hiding your topic by opening sentences with long introductory clauses or phrases. Put most of the subjects at the beginning of your sentences.
Questions to ask yourself as you revise sentences
Do your sentences "hang together"?
1.Readers must feel that they move easily from one sentence to the next, that each sentence "coheres" with the one before and after it.
2.Readers must feel that sentences in a paragraph are not just individually clear, but are unified with each other. Have fun and do go through life with your story(s) stuck inside you.
Proofreading III
Reading your work aloud slowly to yourself can help you see and hear miss, misplaced or repeated words. Look for the following.
Fragment Sentences
•Make sure each sentence has a subject. This might seem basic, like Duh how else would I write a sentence. Sometimes during a rewrite/edit we can rework or break up a sentence and leave behind a sentence fragment that lack a subject.
Before edit:
Kalen cringed at the wounded sound of the child’s voice. Setting the computer aside he waved the boys in. "Of course I do, Caesar."
After edit:
Kalen cringed at the wounded sound of the child’s voice. Set the computer aside and waved the boys in. "Of course I do, Caesar."
Corrected
Kalen cringed at the wounded sound of the child’s voice. He set his computer aside and waved the boys in. "Of course I do, Caesar."
•Make sure each sentence has a complete verb. In the following sentence, "were" is required to make a complete verb; "trying" alone would be incomplete: The boys were trying to coax Kalen into leaving his room.
•See that each sentence has an independent clause. Remember an independent clause cannot stand on its own. The following sentence is a dependent clause that would qualify as a fragment sentence: Set the computer aside and waved the boys in.
Run-on Sentences
•Review each sentence. Make sure it contains more than one independent clause.
•If there is more than one independent clause, check to make sure the clauses are separated by the appropriate punctuation.
•Sometimes, it is just as effective (or even more so) to simply break the sentence into separate sentences instead of including punctuation to separate the clauses. Run-on example sentence:
I have to write a report for my class about rock climbing all I know about the subject is I'm interested in it as a sport.
Edited version:
I have to write a report for my class about rock climbing, and all I know about the subject is that I'm interested in it as a sport.
Another option:
I have to write a report for my class about rock climbing. All I know about the subject is I'm interested in it as a sport.
Comma Splices
•Look at the sentences that have commas.
•Check to see if the sentence contains two main clauses.
•If there are two main clauses, they should be connected with a comma and a conjunction like and, but, for, or, so, yet.
•Another option is to take out the comma and insert a semicolon instead.
Example:
I would like to write my write my report about rock climbing , it's a topic I can talk about at length.
Edited version:
I would like to write my report about rock climbing because it's a topic I can talk about at length.
Edited version, using a semicolon:
I would like to write my paper about basketball; it's a topic I can talk about at length.
(Many editors and publishers consider semi colons inappropriate in fiction writing. They will tell you they're for technical works.
Subject/Verb Agreement
•Find the subject of each sentence.
•Find the verb that goes with the subject.
•The subject and verb should match in number, meaning that if the subject is singular, the verb should be as well. If the subject is plural the verb needs to be plural also.
Example:
Authors on a deadline is usually very busy.
Edited version:
Authors on a deadline are usually very busy.
Mixed construction
Read through your sentences carefully to make sure that they do not start with one sentence structure and shift to another. A sentence that does this is called a mixed construction.
Example:
Since I have an important edit to complete is why I can't go out tonight.
Edited version:
Since I have an important edit to complete, I can't go out tonight.
Fragment Sentences
•Make sure each sentence has a subject. This might seem basic, like Duh how else would I write a sentence. Sometimes during a rewrite/edit we can rework or break up a sentence and leave behind a sentence fragment that lack a subject.
Before edit:
Kalen cringed at the wounded sound of the child’s voice. Setting the computer aside he waved the boys in. "Of course I do, Caesar."
After edit:
Kalen cringed at the wounded sound of the child’s voice. Set the computer aside and waved the boys in. "Of course I do, Caesar."
Corrected
Kalen cringed at the wounded sound of the child’s voice. He set his computer aside and waved the boys in. "Of course I do, Caesar."
•Make sure each sentence has a complete verb. In the following sentence, "were" is required to make a complete verb; "trying" alone would be incomplete: The boys were trying to coax Kalen into leaving his room.
•See that each sentence has an independent clause. Remember an independent clause cannot stand on its own. The following sentence is a dependent clause that would qualify as a fragment sentence: Set the computer aside and waved the boys in.
Run-on Sentences
•Review each sentence. Make sure it contains more than one independent clause.
•If there is more than one independent clause, check to make sure the clauses are separated by the appropriate punctuation.
•Sometimes, it is just as effective (or even more so) to simply break the sentence into separate sentences instead of including punctuation to separate the clauses. Run-on example sentence:
I have to write a report for my class about rock climbing all I know about the subject is I'm interested in it as a sport.
Edited version:
I have to write a report for my class about rock climbing, and all I know about the subject is that I'm interested in it as a sport.
Another option:
I have to write a report for my class about rock climbing. All I know about the subject is I'm interested in it as a sport.
Comma Splices
•Look at the sentences that have commas.
•Check to see if the sentence contains two main clauses.
•If there are two main clauses, they should be connected with a comma and a conjunction like and, but, for, or, so, yet.
•Another option is to take out the comma and insert a semicolon instead.
Example:
I would like to write my write my report about rock climbing , it's a topic I can talk about at length.
Edited version:
I would like to write my report about rock climbing because it's a topic I can talk about at length.
Edited version, using a semicolon:
I would like to write my paper about basketball; it's a topic I can talk about at length.
(Many editors and publishers consider semi colons inappropriate in fiction writing. They will tell you they're for technical works.
Subject/Verb Agreement
•Find the subject of each sentence.
•Find the verb that goes with the subject.
•The subject and verb should match in number, meaning that if the subject is singular, the verb should be as well. If the subject is plural the verb needs to be plural also.
Example:
Authors on a deadline is usually very busy.
Edited version:
Authors on a deadline are usually very busy.
Mixed construction
Read through your sentences carefully to make sure that they do not start with one sentence structure and shift to another. A sentence that does this is called a mixed construction.
Example:
Since I have an important edit to complete is why I can't go out tonight.
Edited version:
Since I have an important edit to complete, I can't go out tonight.
Proofreading II
Personalizing Proofreading
In addition to following general guidelines from my last post, individualizing your proofreading process to your style will help you proofread more efficiently and effectively.
You won't be able to check for everything , but you should find out what your typical problem areas are and look for each type of error individually. Here's how:
•Find out what typical errors you make. Comments from other readers or a writers group about your writing is a useful way to find out your weak areas and what mistakes you make regularly.
•Learn how to fix those errors. In every good writer's group I've found there's always one person who as a mastery of the English language and it proper use. In our group it's Dwayne. Listen to their critiques of other writers work. If you listen you learn what not to do and will help you avoid errors in your writing. These writers can help you understand why you make the errors you do so you can learn to avoid them.
•Approach proofreading with specific strategies. Use the strategies detailed on the following posts to find and correct your particular errors in usage, sentence structure, spelling and punctuation.
Proofreading is primarily searching your writing for errors, in grammar and typographical, before submitting your paper for your audience's consumption. Use these resource to help you find and fix common errors.
Finding Common Errors
Proofreading can be much easier when you know what you are looking for. Although everyone will have different error patterns, the following are issues that come up for many writers. When proofreading your paper, be on the lookout for these errors. Always remember to make note of what errors you make frequently—this will help you proofread more efficiently in the future!
Spelling
•DO NOT rely on your computer's spell-checker—it will never get everything! (Their & There for insistence.)
•Examine each word in the paper individually by reading carefully. Moving a pencil under each line of text helps you to see each word.
•Check the Dictionary. If necessary, check a dictionary to see that each word is spelled correctly.
•Spelling Nightmares. Be especially careful of words that are typical spelling nightmares, like "ei/ie" words and homonyms like your/you're, to/too/two, and there/their/they're.
Double and or left Out words. Need I Say more?
Reading the paper slowly aloud to yourself can help you make sure you haven't missed or repeated any words.
In addition to following general guidelines from my last post, individualizing your proofreading process to your style will help you proofread more efficiently and effectively.
You won't be able to check for everything , but you should find out what your typical problem areas are and look for each type of error individually. Here's how:
•Find out what typical errors you make. Comments from other readers or a writers group about your writing is a useful way to find out your weak areas and what mistakes you make regularly.
•Learn how to fix those errors. In every good writer's group I've found there's always one person who as a mastery of the English language and it proper use. In our group it's Dwayne. Listen to their critiques of other writers work. If you listen you learn what not to do and will help you avoid errors in your writing. These writers can help you understand why you make the errors you do so you can learn to avoid them.
•Approach proofreading with specific strategies. Use the strategies detailed on the following posts to find and correct your particular errors in usage, sentence structure, spelling and punctuation.
Proofreading is primarily searching your writing for errors, in grammar and typographical, before submitting your paper for your audience's consumption. Use these resource to help you find and fix common errors.
Finding Common Errors
Proofreading can be much easier when you know what you are looking for. Although everyone will have different error patterns, the following are issues that come up for many writers. When proofreading your paper, be on the lookout for these errors. Always remember to make note of what errors you make frequently—this will help you proofread more efficiently in the future!
Spelling
•DO NOT rely on your computer's spell-checker—it will never get everything! (Their & There for insistence.)
•Examine each word in the paper individually by reading carefully. Moving a pencil under each line of text helps you to see each word.
•Check the Dictionary. If necessary, check a dictionary to see that each word is spelled correctly.
•Spelling Nightmares. Be especially careful of words that are typical spelling nightmares, like "ei/ie" words and homonyms like your/you're, to/too/two, and there/their/they're.
Double and or left Out words. Need I Say more?
Reading the paper slowly aloud to yourself can help you make sure you haven't missed or repeated any words.
Saturday, October 5, 2013
Proofreading
The primary purpose for both grammatical and typographical proofreading
is about searching your writing for errors. In this series of articles
will help in the process before you submit your paper, or manuscript for an
audience to view. Whether you submitting your work to a teacher, a publisher,
etc, the next couple of articled will serve as a resource to help you
find and fix common errors.
Where to Begin
Every author, writer, or person will find a unique
proofreading process that works for them. Here are some general strategies most
writers find helpful. Begin to improve your proofreading skills by using the
guidelines listed below.
General Strategies
• Time. Allow yourself sometime between writing and proofing. Take
a break! Some say just five minutes is
productive because it will help you get some distance from what you've
written. The goal is to return with a fresh eye and mind. That’s why I have two
manuscripts open at the same time. Leaving your work sit for a few hours while
you work on something else is a good way to pull you mind away from the story. When you go back to read, you’ll see mistakes
you might have missed if you hadn't waited.
• Slow Down. Many errors are made or missed by speeding through writing and
proofreading. Leave yourself plenty of time to look over your writing
carefully. This will help you catch errors you might otherwise miss. Always
read slowly. Reading at your normal speed, won't give
your eyes sufficient time to spot errors. (You read what you think you wrote.)
•Read aloud. Reading your work aloud, slowly, encourages you
to read every word on the page. All of them. Even the ones you forgot to remove while editing.
•Role play. Playing the role of you readers encourages you to
see the book as your audience will. So while you read aloud, put yourself in
your audience's shoes.
•Get others involved. A second, third, or even a fourth
pairs of eyes is always good. (Not your mother, sister, brother, favorite aunt, or girl friend etc isn't going to help.) Asking a friend or a writers group to read your paper, gets other perspectives on your writing. A fresh reader(s) will be able to help you
catch mistakes you've overlooked, and YOU WILL overlook mistakes, extra words, and
typos, etc.
Friday, October 4, 2013
G.Skill RAM
I've been really neglecting my blog. I thought I share this with you Last May I replaced my PC with parts I purchased from Newegg. Among those parts was a 16 Gig RAM kit from G.Skill. http://www.gskill.com/en/ .
The Kit I purchased is their G.SKILL Ares Series 16GB (4 x 4GB) 240-Pin DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1600 http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16820231545.
I have used their RAM in an number of Client PC with great success. When my system started giving me the BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) the last thing I suspected was defective RAM.
After eliminating all other hardware at the reason for the BSOD, I discovered the RAM was defective. This is a first in all the RAM I've purchased from G. Skill
I went to their website and fired off an email explained the problem and my diagnosis to come to this conclusion. In two days I received instruction to fill out the online RMA and submit it. The RAM has a lifetime warranty. A short time later I received the RMA # and shipped the RAM off. Within a couple of day I opened my mailbox and there was a complete new RAM kit. No Hassle, No arguments. A refreshing change from the hassles I gotten from other hardware suppliers.
If you're looking for good, reliable RAM, G.Skill RAM is the place to look. It's available at different price levels to cove a wide range of users. http://www.gskill.com/en/series/desktop-memory
From basis desktop RAM, their (Value Series), to their best their (TridentX Series). I recommend looking into their RAM. First for reliability and second for product backing. That's all I'm using from now on.
The Kit I purchased is their G.SKILL Ares Series 16GB (4 x 4GB) 240-Pin DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1600 http://www.newegg.com/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16820231545.
I have used their RAM in an number of Client PC with great success. When my system started giving me the BSOD (Blue Screen of Death) the last thing I suspected was defective RAM.
After eliminating all other hardware at the reason for the BSOD, I discovered the RAM was defective. This is a first in all the RAM I've purchased from G. Skill
I went to their website and fired off an email explained the problem and my diagnosis to come to this conclusion. In two days I received instruction to fill out the online RMA and submit it. The RAM has a lifetime warranty. A short time later I received the RMA # and shipped the RAM off. Within a couple of day I opened my mailbox and there was a complete new RAM kit. No Hassle, No arguments. A refreshing change from the hassles I gotten from other hardware suppliers.
If you're looking for good, reliable RAM, G.Skill RAM is the place to look. It's available at different price levels to cove a wide range of users. http://www.gskill.com/en/series/desktop-memory
From basis desktop RAM, their (Value Series), to their best their (TridentX Series). I recommend looking into their RAM. First for reliability and second for product backing. That's all I'm using from now on.
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